The Bulgarians' main rivals in the area were the Avars to the west and the Khazars to the east. The northern border of the country followed the southern slopes of the Carpathian mountains from the Iron Gates and reached the Dneper river or possibly just the Dniester river to the east. In 680, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV led a large army to fight the Bulgars but was defeated in the battle of Ongal and the Byzantines were forced to acknowledge the formation of a new country, the First Bulgarian Empire. From there, Asparukh's cavalry in alliance with local Slavs annually attacked the Byzantine territories in the south. In the 670's they settled in the area known as the Ongal to the north of the Danube delta. The foundation of the First Bulgarian EmpireĪfter the disintegration of Great Bulgaria following Khan Kubrat's death in 668, a large group of Bulgars followed Asparukh, the third son of the great Khan, who headed westwards.
The Dacians were eventually defeated by Emperor Trajan in two campaigns that lasted from 101 AD to 106 AD, and the core of their kingdom was turned into the province of Roman Dacia. In 87 AD, Emperor Domitian sent six legions into Dacia, which were defeated at Tapae. The Roman Empire conquered Moesia by 29 BC, reaching the Danube River. Burebista's powerful state was divided into four and was not reunified until 95 AD under the reign of the Dacian king Decebalus. Another theory suggests he was killed by Caesar's friends. A few months later, Burebista was assassinated by his own noblemen. Julius Caesar intended to start a campaign against the Dacians due to the support that Burebista gave to Pompey but he was assassinated in 44 BC. Under his leadership, Dacia became a powerful state that threatened the regional interests of the Romans. The Dacian Kingdom reached its maximum expansion during the reign of King Burebista between 82 BC and 44 BC. The Dacians, who are widely accepted as part of the Getae described earlier by the Greeks, were a branch of Thracians who inhabited Dacia, which corresponds with modern Romania, Moldova, northern Bulgaria and surrounding nations. 440 BC He writes that the tribal union/confederation of the Getae were defeated by the Persian Emperor Darius the Great during his campaign against the Scythians. The earliest written evidence of people living in the territory of present-day Romania comes from Herodotus in Book IV of his Histories, which was written in c. The sanctuaries of the ancient Dacian Kingdom capital, Sarmizegetusa Regia Evidence from this and other sites indicates the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage. The earliest-known salt works is at Poiana Slatinei near the village of Lunca it was first used in the early Neolithic around 6050 BC by the Starčevo culture and later by the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture in the pre- Cucuteni period. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the western region of the earliest European civilization, which is known as the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture. The remains present a mixture of archaic, early modern human and Neanderthal morphological features. In 2011, older modern human remains were identified in the UK ( Kents Cavern 41,500 to 44,200 years old) and Italy ( Grotta del Cavallo 43,000 to 45,000 years old) but the Romanian fossils are still among the oldest remains of Homo sapiens in Europe, so they may be representative of the first such people to have entered Europe. 5250 – 4550 BC)ģ4,950-year-old remains of modern humans with a possible Neanderthalian trait were discovered in present-day Romania when the Peștera cu Oase ("Cave with Bones") was uncovered in 2002. The thinkers of Hamangia, Neolithic Hamangia culture (c.
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